Publication: Malign Tıkayıcı Sarılık Nedeniyle Perkütan Biliyer Drenaj Yapılan Hastalarda Klinik Sonuca ve Hayatta Kalma Sürecine Etki Eden Faktörler
Abstract
Amaç: Bu araştırmayla, malign tıkayıcı sarılık nedeniyle Perkütan Transhepatik Biliyer Drenaj (PTBD) uygulanan hastalarda daha uzun sağkalım ve daha iyi klinik sonuçlarla ilişkili prognostik faktörleri belirlemek; böylece drenaj tekniğinin etkinliğini artırabilecek ve komplikasyon oranlarını azaltabilecek klinik ve teknik yaklaşımları ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kesitsel tipte retrospektif gözlemsel tasarıma sahip bu tez çalışması, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Girişimsel Radyoloji Ünitesi'nde 01.01.2016–31.12.2024 tarihleri arasında malign tıkayıcı sarılık nedeniyle PTBD uygulanan, 18 yaş ve üzerindeki 383 hasta üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Benign nedenlerle PTBD yapılan veya verilerinde eksiklik bulunan olgular çalışma dışı bırakılmıştır. Demografik, klinik ve laboratuvar özellikler; işlem öncesi ve sonrası biyokimyasal parametreler, gelişen komplikasyonlar, mortalite ve sağkalım süreleri hasta dosyaları ve elektronik veri sisteminden elde edilmiştir. Hastalara ait bu özelliklerin hastane içi sağkalımla ilişkisi analiz edilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizler SPSS 23.0 ve MedCalc 3.0 yazılımları ile gerçekleştirilmiş; parametrik olmayan veriler Wilcoxon testi, komplikasyon ve mortalite ilişkili faktörler lojistik regresyon ve Cox regresyon analizi ile değerlendirilmiş, sağkalım analizleri Kaplan-Meier yöntemiyle yapılmıştır. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 383 hastanın medyan yaşı 67 yıl (ÇAD: 58–74) olup, %40,7'si kadın, %59,3'ü erkektir. Safra yolu tıkanıklığının en sık nedeni pankreas kanseri (%41,5), ardından kolanjiyokarsinom (%30,5) olarak saptanmıştır. PTBD sonrası total ve direkt bilirubin, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, amilaz ve WBC düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değişim gözlenmiş (p<0,001), CRP düzeylerinde ise anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır. İşlem sonrası 129 hastada (%33,7) komplikasyon gelişmiş olup en sık komplikasyon kolanjit (%17,8) olmuştur. Mortalite oranı %30,3 (n=116) olarak belirlenmiştir. ROC analizinde komplikasyon gelişimini öngörmede ALT, GGT ve CRP; mortaliteyi öngörmede ise total bilirubin, direkt bilirubin ve WBC düzeyleri anlamlı tanısal değer göstermiştir. Tek değişkenli analizlerde intrensek nedenli tıkanıklık komplikasyon gelişimiyle ilişkili bulunmuştur (OR: 1,65; p=0,026). Mortalite açısından, komplikasyon varlığı (HR: 1,92; p<0,001) iv ve özellikle sepsis/septik şok (HR: 3,89; p<0,001) anlamlı risk artışı ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Kaplan-Meier analizine göre medyan hastane içi sağkalım süresi 62 gün olup, komplikasyon gelişenlerde 49 gün, gelişmeyenlerde 82 gün olarak hesaplanmıştır (p<0,001). Sonuç: Bu çalışma, PTBD'nin malign tıkayıcı sarılıkta etkili bir palyatif yaklaşım olduğunu ve komplikasyonların sağkalımı olumsuz etkilediğini göstermektedir. Sepsis ve septik şok, mortaliteyi belirgin şekilde artıran başlıca komplikasyonlardır. Bu nedenle ayrıntılı ön planlama, yakın takip ve multidisipliner yaklaşım önerilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tıkayıcı Sarılık; Perkütan Transhepatik Biliyer Drenaj; Malignite; Sağkalım Analizi
Aim: This study aimed to identify prognostic factors associated with longer survival and better clinical outcomes in patients who underwent Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage (PTBD) for malignant biliary obstruction, thereby revealing clinical and technical approaches that could enhance the effectiveness of the drainage procedure and reduce complication rates. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective observational study was conducted at the Interventional Radiology Unit of Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2024. A total of 383 patients aged ≥18 years who underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) due to malignant obstructive jaundice were included. Patients who underwent PTBD for benign causes or had incomplete data were excluded. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics; pre- and post-procedural biochemical parameters; procedure-related complications; in-hospital mortality; and survival times were retrieved from medical records and the hospital electronic database. The associations between patient characteristics and in-hospital mortality/survival were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 23.0 and MedCalc version 3.0. Non-parametric variables were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Predictors of complications and mortality were evaluated by univariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression, respectively. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The median age of the study population was 67 years (IQR: 58–74); 40.7% were female and 59.3% were male. The most common cause of biliary obstruction was pancreatic cancer (41.5%), followed by cholangiocarcinoma (30.5%). After PTBD, significant changes were observed in total and direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, amylase, and WBC levels (all p<0.001), while CRP levels showed no significant difference. Post-procedural complications occurred in 129 patients (33.7%), with cholangitis being the most frequent (17.8%). The overall mortality rate was 30.3% (n=116). ROC analysis demonstrated that GGT, ALT, and CRP levels were significant predictors of complication development, while total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and vi WBC levels significantly predicted mortality. Univariable analysis revealed that intrinsic strictures were significantly associated with complication development (OR: 1.65; p=0.026). Regarding mortality, the presence of complications (HR: 1.92; p<0.001) and particularly sepsis/septic shock (HR: 3.89; p<0.001) were associated with increased risk. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, the median in-hospital survival was 62 days (95% CI: 54.2–69.8), with significantly shorter survival in patients who developed complications (49 vs. 82 days, p<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that PTBD is an effective palliative approach in malignant obstructive jaundice and that complications have a detrimental impact on survival. Sepsis and septic shock emerge as the major complications significantly increasing mortality. Therefore, meticulous pre-procedural planning, close clinical monitoring, and a multidisciplinary approach are recommended. Keywords: Obstructive Jaundice; Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage; Malignancy; Mortality; Survival Analysis
Aim: This study aimed to identify prognostic factors associated with longer survival and better clinical outcomes in patients who underwent Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage (PTBD) for malignant biliary obstruction, thereby revealing clinical and technical approaches that could enhance the effectiveness of the drainage procedure and reduce complication rates. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective observational study was conducted at the Interventional Radiology Unit of Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2024. A total of 383 patients aged ≥18 years who underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) due to malignant obstructive jaundice were included. Patients who underwent PTBD for benign causes or had incomplete data were excluded. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics; pre- and post-procedural biochemical parameters; procedure-related complications; in-hospital mortality; and survival times were retrieved from medical records and the hospital electronic database. The associations between patient characteristics and in-hospital mortality/survival were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 23.0 and MedCalc version 3.0. Non-parametric variables were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Predictors of complications and mortality were evaluated by univariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression, respectively. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The median age of the study population was 67 years (IQR: 58–74); 40.7% were female and 59.3% were male. The most common cause of biliary obstruction was pancreatic cancer (41.5%), followed by cholangiocarcinoma (30.5%). After PTBD, significant changes were observed in total and direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, amylase, and WBC levels (all p<0.001), while CRP levels showed no significant difference. Post-procedural complications occurred in 129 patients (33.7%), with cholangitis being the most frequent (17.8%). The overall mortality rate was 30.3% (n=116). ROC analysis demonstrated that GGT, ALT, and CRP levels were significant predictors of complication development, while total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and vi WBC levels significantly predicted mortality. Univariable analysis revealed that intrinsic strictures were significantly associated with complication development (OR: 1.65; p=0.026). Regarding mortality, the presence of complications (HR: 1.92; p<0.001) and particularly sepsis/septic shock (HR: 3.89; p<0.001) were associated with increased risk. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, the median in-hospital survival was 62 days (95% CI: 54.2–69.8), with significantly shorter survival in patients who developed complications (49 vs. 82 days, p<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that PTBD is an effective palliative approach in malignant obstructive jaundice and that complications have a detrimental impact on survival. Sepsis and septic shock emerge as the major complications significantly increasing mortality. Therefore, meticulous pre-procedural planning, close clinical monitoring, and a multidisciplinary approach are recommended. Keywords: Obstructive Jaundice; Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage; Malignancy; Mortality; Survival Analysis
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