Publication: Fumarat Hidrataz Kaybı Gösteren Leiomiyomlarda Klinik, Histopatolojik ve İmmünohistokimyasal Tanısal İpuçları
Abstract
Giriş: Fumarat Hidrataz (FH) kaybı gösteren leiomiyom DSÖ 2020 sınıflamasında tanımlanan leiomiyomların alt türüdür. Daha önce bizar leiomiyomlar olarak da adlandırılan bir grubun alt grubu olan bu leiomiyomların agresif gidişli renal hücreli karsinoma sahip olan herediter leiomiyomatozis ve renal hücreli karsinom (HLRCC) sendromundan ayrımı önemlidir. FH kaybı gösteren leiomiyomlarda geyik boynuzu tarzında düzenlenim gösteren damarlanma, alveolar paternde ödem, hipersellülarite, fasiküler düzenlenim eksikliği ve bir kısmı pleomorfizme varan nükleer atipi yanı sıra eozinofilik sitoplazmik globül, hücre çekirdeklerinde düzensizlik, eozinofilik nükleol belirginliği ve perinükleolar halo gibi bazı morfolojik ipuçları vardır. Çalışmamızda leiomiyomlarda literatürde FH kaybı ile ilişkili olduğu bildirilen morfolojik bulgular incelenmiş, bu olgularda FH eksikliğinin immünohistokimyasal olarak varlığı değerlendirilmiş ve FH eksikliği saptanan vakalar HLRCC sendromu açısından klinik olarak araştırılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıbbi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı arşivinden 2010-2024 yılları arasında tanı almış 39 adet bizar leiomiyom, 39 adet STUMP ve 2 adet FH kaybı gösteren leiomiyom olgusu çalışmaya dahil edildi. Üç adet vakanın blokları teslim edildiği için çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Çalışmaya dahil edilen olgular geriye dönük olarak hastane veri sisteminden taranarak yaş, hastaneye başvuru sebebi, operasyon türü, tümör rengi, boyutu, lokalizasyon bulguları, multiple veya tek olup olmaması araştırıldı. Uygun olguların preparatları taranarak alveolar ödem, fasiküler düzenlenim, atipi varlığı, şiddeti ve yaygınlığı, mitoz, nekroz, geyik boynuzu damarlanma, perinükleolar halo varlığı, nükleol belirginliği ve sitoplazmik inklüzyon varlığı açısından araştırıldı ve immünohistokimyasal olarak fumarat hidrataz ekspresyon kaybının varlığına bakıldı. Bulgular: Bizar leiomiyom tanısı alan 39 vakanın 4 tanesinde, STUMP tanısı alan 39 vakanın 3 tanesinde ve FH kaybı gösteren leiomiyom tanısı alan 2 vakada immünohistokimyasal olarak FH ekspresyon kaybı saptanmıştır. Çalışmada FH kaybı olan ve olmayan vakalar arasındaki klinik, makroskopik ve histopatolojik farklılıklar detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizlerde, FH kaybı olan olgularda geyik boynuzu benzeri damarlanma paterni, alveolar ödem ve nükleer psödoinklüzyonların varlığı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Tartışma ve Sonuç: FH kaybı gösteren leiomiyomların çoğu sporadik olup, somatik FH gen inaktivasyonu (gen delesyonu, çerçeve kayması, nokta mutasyonu) ile ilişkilidir. Ancak germ hattı mutasyonları varlığında HLRCC sendromu ile güçlü bir ilişki söz konusudur ve bu durum artmış renal hücreli karsinom riski taşır. FH kaybı gösteren leiomiyomların tanınması, karakteristik histomorfolojik özellikler ve FH immünohistokimyasal ekspresyon kaybı ile mümkündür. HLRCC sendromu olasılığını veya renal kanser taramasını göz önünde bulundurmak ele alınması gereken önemli bir konudur. Bu tümörlerin doğru tanısı, HLRCC sendromunu ve HLRCC sendromuna eşlik edebilecek renal hücreli karsinomların erken tanı ve takibi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.
Introduction: Leiomyoma with fumarate hydratase (FH) deficiency is a subtype of leiomyoma defined in the 2020 WHO classification. These tumors, previously referred to as a subgroup of bizarre leiomyomas, need to be distinguished from hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) syndrome, which is associated with aggressive renal cell carcinoma. Morphological clues described in FH-deficient leiomyomas include staghorn-like vasculature, alveolar-type edema, hypercellularity, loss of fascicular architecture, nuclear atypia sometimes reaching pleomorphism, eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules, nuclear irregularities, prominent eosinophilic nucleoli, and perinuclear halos. In our study, morphological findings reported in the literature to be associated with FH deficiency were examined in leiomyoma cases, the presence of FH loss was evaluated immunohistochemically, and cases with FH deficiency were investigated clinically for HLRCC syndrome. Materials and Methods: A total of 39 cases of bizarre leiomyoma, 39 cases of STUMP, and 2 cases of FH-deficient leiomyoma diagnosed between 2010 and 2024 in the archives of the Department of Pathology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, were included in the study. Three cases were excluded because their blocks were not available. For the included cases, hospital records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain data on age, reason for admission, type of operation, tumor color, size, location, and whether the tumor was solitary or multiple. Slides of eligible cases were examined for alveolar edema, fascicular architecture, presence, degree, and extent of atypia, mitosis, necrosis, staghorn-like vasculature, presence of perinucleolar halos, nucleolar prominence, and presence of cytoplasmic inclusions. In addition, immunohistochemical evaluation was performed to assess fumarate hydratase expression loss. Results: Immunohistochemical loss of FH expression was identified in 4 of the 39 cases diagnosed as bizarre leiomyoma, in 3 of the 39 cases diagnosed as STUMP, and in both cases diagnosed as FH-deficient leiomyoma. Clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological features were systematically compared between tumors with and without FH loss. Statistical analysis demonstrated that FH-deficient cases were significantly associated with the presence of staghorn-like vasculature, alveolar edema, and nuclear pseudoinclusions (p<0,05). Discussion and Conclusion: Most FH-deficient leiomyomas are sporadic and associated with somatic inactivation of the FH gene (such as gene deletion, frameshift mutation, or point mutation). However, in the presence of germline mutations, there is a strong association with HLRCC syndrome, which confers an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma. Recognition of FH-deficient leiomyomas is based on their characteristic histomorphological features and loss of FH immunohistochemical expression. Considering the possibility of HLRCC syndrome or the need for renal cancer screening is an important clinical concern. Accurate diagnosis of these tumors is of critical importance for the early detection and surveillance of HLRCC syndrome and its potentially associated renal cell carcinomas.
Introduction: Leiomyoma with fumarate hydratase (FH) deficiency is a subtype of leiomyoma defined in the 2020 WHO classification. These tumors, previously referred to as a subgroup of bizarre leiomyomas, need to be distinguished from hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) syndrome, which is associated with aggressive renal cell carcinoma. Morphological clues described in FH-deficient leiomyomas include staghorn-like vasculature, alveolar-type edema, hypercellularity, loss of fascicular architecture, nuclear atypia sometimes reaching pleomorphism, eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules, nuclear irregularities, prominent eosinophilic nucleoli, and perinuclear halos. In our study, morphological findings reported in the literature to be associated with FH deficiency were examined in leiomyoma cases, the presence of FH loss was evaluated immunohistochemically, and cases with FH deficiency were investigated clinically for HLRCC syndrome. Materials and Methods: A total of 39 cases of bizarre leiomyoma, 39 cases of STUMP, and 2 cases of FH-deficient leiomyoma diagnosed between 2010 and 2024 in the archives of the Department of Pathology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, were included in the study. Three cases were excluded because their blocks were not available. For the included cases, hospital records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain data on age, reason for admission, type of operation, tumor color, size, location, and whether the tumor was solitary or multiple. Slides of eligible cases were examined for alveolar edema, fascicular architecture, presence, degree, and extent of atypia, mitosis, necrosis, staghorn-like vasculature, presence of perinucleolar halos, nucleolar prominence, and presence of cytoplasmic inclusions. In addition, immunohistochemical evaluation was performed to assess fumarate hydratase expression loss. Results: Immunohistochemical loss of FH expression was identified in 4 of the 39 cases diagnosed as bizarre leiomyoma, in 3 of the 39 cases diagnosed as STUMP, and in both cases diagnosed as FH-deficient leiomyoma. Clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological features were systematically compared between tumors with and without FH loss. Statistical analysis demonstrated that FH-deficient cases were significantly associated with the presence of staghorn-like vasculature, alveolar edema, and nuclear pseudoinclusions (p<0,05). Discussion and Conclusion: Most FH-deficient leiomyomas are sporadic and associated with somatic inactivation of the FH gene (such as gene deletion, frameshift mutation, or point mutation). However, in the presence of germline mutations, there is a strong association with HLRCC syndrome, which confers an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma. Recognition of FH-deficient leiomyomas is based on their characteristic histomorphological features and loss of FH immunohistochemical expression. Considering the possibility of HLRCC syndrome or the need for renal cancer screening is an important clinical concern. Accurate diagnosis of these tumors is of critical importance for the early detection and surveillance of HLRCC syndrome and its potentially associated renal cell carcinomas.
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