Publication: Tosya İlçesindeki Meyve Bahçelerinde Etanol Tuzaklara Yakalanan Yazıcıböcek (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Türleri
Abstract
Dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemiz meyve bahçelerinde de yazıcıböcekler sorun yaratan önemli zararlılar arasındadır. Meyve bahçelerinde ekonomik olarak büyük kayıplara sebep olan yazıcıböceklerle mücadelede şüphesiz en etkili biyoteknik mücadele yöntemlerinden birisi de kırmızı yapışkan tuzak kullanımıdır. Bu tuzak tipi zararlı yazıcıböceklerin tespit edilmesinde, populasyon dinamiklerinin takibinde ve zararlıyla mücadelede etkili bir şekilde kullanılabilmektedir. Bu çalışma Kastamonu ili Tosya ilçesi meyve bahçelerinde önemli zararlara sebep olan yazıcıböcek (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) türlerinin tespiti ve bulunuş oranlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla 2018 yılında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tosya ilçesi geçit iklimine sahip olması nedeniyle bitki örtüsü yoğun şekilde ormanlık - fundalık alanlar içermekte ve meyve zararlısı yazıcıböcek türlerini barındırma potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Ayrıca meyve bahçelerinin ormanlık alanlarla iç içe olması zararlı türlerin neden oldukları ekonomik kayıpları arttırmakta ve mücadeleyi zorlaştırmaktadır. Mücadelenin başarısı doğru mücadele yönteminin seçimine, zararlı türlerin ve biyolojilerinin iyi bilinmesine bağlıdır. Bu nedenle mücadele açısından zararlı türleri ve bunların mevsim içindeki dağılışlarını tespit etmek amacıyla 29 farklı lokasyondaki meyve bahçesine (elma, kiraz, ceviz ve üzüm) kırmızı yapışkan tuzak yerleştirilmiş, tuzaklarda çekici solüsyon olarak etil alkol - su (1:1) karışımı kullanılmıştır. Meyve bahçelerine yerleştirilen tuzaklar Mart ayının ilk haftasından Ekim ayının son haftasına kadar kontrol edilmiştir. Bu kontrollerde toplanan yazıcı böcek türleri laboratuvara getirilmiş ve teşhisi yapılmıştır. Kontroller sonucunda çalışma sahasında yoğun olarak iki yazıcı böcek türü [Xyleborus dispar Fabricius ve Xyleborinus saxeseni Ratzeburg] belirlenmiştir. Bu iki tür ülkemizde yaygın ve ekonomik olarak önemli zararlı türlerdir (Tuncer vd 2017). Ayrıca çok düşük yoğunluklarda Scolytus mali Bechstein, Trypodendron lineatum Olivier ve Scobicia chevrieri Villa & Villa türlerine rastlanmıştır. Araştırma sahasındaki yazıcıböcek populasyonunun % 52.32'sini Xyleborus dispar, % 46.75'ini Xyleborinus saxesenii, % 0.70'ini Scolytus mali ve % 0,23'ünü ise Trypodendron lineatum türü oluşturmuştur. Ayrıca Scobicia chevrieri'nin popülasyon yoğunluğu % 0,16 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yazıcı böceklerin kışlaklardan çıkışları Mart ayının son haftasından itibaren başlamış, Ekim ayının ilk haftasına kadar sürmüştür. Çıkışlar en çok Mart ayının son haftası ile Haziran ayının ortasına kadar olan periyotta gözlemlenmiştir. Xyleborus dispar ve Xyleborinus saxesenii türlerinin yoğun olarak bulunduğu Mart ve Nisan aylarında yoğun tedbirler alınarak bu türlerle mücadele edilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Scolytus mali, Trypodenron lineatum ve Scobicia chevrieri türleri düşük popülasyon yoğunlukları ve düzensiz uçuş periyotları nedeniyle ekonomik açıdan önemsiz zararlılar olarak rapor edilmiştir. Ek olarak zararlı türlerin çıkış zamanları, uçuş süreleri gibi mücadele açısından önemli biyolojik parametreler ve kırmızı yapışkan tuzakların kullanımı hakkında bazı tespitler yapılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Teşhis, yazıcıböcek, meyve bahçeleri, kırmızı yapışkan tuzak, etanol, ambrosia böcekleri, kabuk böcekleri
As in the world, ambrosia and bark beetles are among the important pests that cause problems in the orchards of our country. Undoubtedly, one of the most effective biotechnical control methods in the fight against ambrosia and bark insects that cause economic losses in orchards is the use of a red sticky trap. This trap type can be used effectively in detecting harmful ambrosia and bark beetles, following population dynamics and fighting pests. This study was carried out in 2018 to determine the ambrosia and bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) species, which cause significant damages in the orchards of the Tosya district of Kastamonu province and to determine the availability rates. Because Tosya district has a passage climate, the vegetation contains dense forest - shrubland areas and has the potential to host the fruit pest ambrosia and bark beetles. Moreover, the fact that orchards are intertwined with forest areas increases the economic losses caused by harmful species and makes the struggle difficult. The success of the struggle depends on the choice of the right combat method, and the well-known species and their biology. For this reason, to determine the harmful species and their distribution in the season, a red sticky trap was placed in 29 different locations of the orchard (apple, cherry, walnut and grape) and a mixture of ethyl alcohol-water (1 : 1) was used as an attractive solution in the traps. Traps placed in orchards were checked from the first week of March to the last week of October. Printer insect species collected in these controls were brought to the laboratory and diagnosed. As a result of the controls, two species of ambrosia insects [Xyleborus dispar Fabricius and Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg] were determined extensively in the study area. These two species are common and economically important pest species in our country (Tuncer vd 2017). In addition, very low concentrations of Scolytus mali Bechstein, Trypodendron lineatum Olivier and Scobicia chevrieri Villa & Villa species were found. The population of ambrosia and bark beetles in the study area, 52.32% was Xyleborus dispar, 46.75% was Xyleborinus saxesenii, 0.70% was Scolytus mali and 0.23% was Trypodendron lineatum. In addition, the population density of Scobicia chevrieri was determined to be 0.16%. The emergence of the ambrosia and bark beetles from the winter quarters started from the last week of March and lasted until the first week of October. Departures were mostly observed in the period from the last week of March to the middle of June. It has been concluded that Xyleborus dispar and Xyleborinus saxesenii species are abundant in March and April, with intensive measures to be taken in March and April. Scolytus mali, Trypodenron lineatum and Scobicia chevrieri species have been reported as economically insignificant pests due to low population densities and irregular flight periods. In addition, some determinations were made about the biological parameters important in terms of combat such as the exit times of pest species, flight times and the use of red sticky traps. Key Words: Identification, orchards, red sticky trap, ethanol, ambrosia beetles, bark beetles
As in the world, ambrosia and bark beetles are among the important pests that cause problems in the orchards of our country. Undoubtedly, one of the most effective biotechnical control methods in the fight against ambrosia and bark insects that cause economic losses in orchards is the use of a red sticky trap. This trap type can be used effectively in detecting harmful ambrosia and bark beetles, following population dynamics and fighting pests. This study was carried out in 2018 to determine the ambrosia and bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) species, which cause significant damages in the orchards of the Tosya district of Kastamonu province and to determine the availability rates. Because Tosya district has a passage climate, the vegetation contains dense forest - shrubland areas and has the potential to host the fruit pest ambrosia and bark beetles. Moreover, the fact that orchards are intertwined with forest areas increases the economic losses caused by harmful species and makes the struggle difficult. The success of the struggle depends on the choice of the right combat method, and the well-known species and their biology. For this reason, to determine the harmful species and their distribution in the season, a red sticky trap was placed in 29 different locations of the orchard (apple, cherry, walnut and grape) and a mixture of ethyl alcohol-water (1 : 1) was used as an attractive solution in the traps. Traps placed in orchards were checked from the first week of March to the last week of October. Printer insect species collected in these controls were brought to the laboratory and diagnosed. As a result of the controls, two species of ambrosia insects [Xyleborus dispar Fabricius and Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg] were determined extensively in the study area. These two species are common and economically important pest species in our country (Tuncer vd 2017). In addition, very low concentrations of Scolytus mali Bechstein, Trypodendron lineatum Olivier and Scobicia chevrieri Villa & Villa species were found. The population of ambrosia and bark beetles in the study area, 52.32% was Xyleborus dispar, 46.75% was Xyleborinus saxesenii, 0.70% was Scolytus mali and 0.23% was Trypodendron lineatum. In addition, the population density of Scobicia chevrieri was determined to be 0.16%. The emergence of the ambrosia and bark beetles from the winter quarters started from the last week of March and lasted until the first week of October. Departures were mostly observed in the period from the last week of March to the middle of June. It has been concluded that Xyleborus dispar and Xyleborinus saxesenii species are abundant in March and April, with intensive measures to be taken in March and April. Scolytus mali, Trypodenron lineatum and Scobicia chevrieri species have been reported as economically insignificant pests due to low population densities and irregular flight periods. In addition, some determinations were made about the biological parameters important in terms of combat such as the exit times of pest species, flight times and the use of red sticky traps. Key Words: Identification, orchards, red sticky trap, ethanol, ambrosia beetles, bark beetles
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