Publication: Tarımsal Kökenli Biochar Uygulamalarının Bazı Toprak Kalite Parametreleri ve Buğday Verimi Üzerine Etkisi
Abstract
Biochar, organik materyalin pirolize tabi tutulmasıyla elde edilen karbonca zengin üründür. Biocharın toprağa uygulandığında toprak kalitesi üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu ve verimliliğin artırılabileceği iddia edilmektedir. Çeşitli hammaddelerden üretilen biocharlar toprak özellikleri ve ürün verimi üzerinde olumlu etkiler göstermiştir ancak aynı olumlu etkilerin asitli topraklarda elde edilip edilemeyeceği belirsizdir. Bu nedenle, bu doktora araştırmasının genel amacı, çeşitli tarımsal atıklardan üretilen biocharların üç tarım toprağının (ikisi asidik yapıda) toprak kalitesi üzerindeki etkisinin daha iyi anlaşılmasıydı. Biocharın bitki ve toprak üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak için sera saksı deneyi yapılmıştır. Kullanılan toprak türleri; kumlu tın (çok düşük pH), killi tın (orta düşük pH) ve killi toprak (nötr). Kullanılan beş biochar türü şunlardı; karışık odun biocharı, pirinç kabuğu biocharı, fındık biocharı, buğday samanı biocharı ve çay biocharı. Biochar uygulama oranları %0 ve %2 idi. Buğday, biocharla zenginleştirilmiş iki toprakta (orta asidik killi tın, asidik olmayan kil) yetiştirilmiş. Buğday biocharı hacim ağırlığına arttırmada daha fazla etkinlik göstermiş, fındık biocharı, uygulanan üç toprağın tamamında hem toprağın kimyasal hem de biyolojik özelliklerini (pH, fosfor, değiştirilebilir katyonlar, MBC) iyileştirmede daha yüksek kapasite göstermiş. Tüm biocharlar, her üç toprakta da pH'ı değiştirmiştir; bu, biocharların kireçleme potansiyelini ve bunların asitli toprakların kalitesini iyileştirmedeki etkinliğini göstermektedir. Biochar uygulaması (çay biocharı hariç) orta derecede asidik killi tın toprakta verim bileşenlerini önemli ölçüde iyileştirmiştir. Ayrıca toprak kalitesi özellikleri ile verim arasında iyi bir korelasyon gözlenmiştir. Uygulanan tüm biocharların , asidik olmayan kil toprakta buğday verimini artırmada daha az etkili olduğu ortaya çıkmış; bu, biocharların sınırlı asidik özelliklere sahip toprakların kalitesini iyileştirmede düşük etkinliğine işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca biocharların uygunluğunun toprak türüne bağlı olduğunu ve her toprak türü için geçerli olmayabileceğini de belirtmektedir.
Biochar is the carbon-rich product obtained when organic material underwent pyrolysis. When applied to soil, biochar is claimed to have positive influence on soil quality and productivity could be improved. Biochars generated from various feedstocks had shown positive effects on soil properties and crop yields, but it is uncertain whether the same positive effects can be obtained in acid soils. Therefore, the overarching aim of this PhD research was to get a better understanding of effect of biochars generated from various agricultural wastes on soil quality of three agricultural soils (two of acidic nature). Green house pot experiment has been conducted to gain insight into biochar effects on plant and soils. The soil types used were; sandy loam (very low pH), clayey loam (moderate low pH) and clay soil (neutral). The five types of biochars used were; wood biochar, rice husk biochar, hazelnut biochar, wheat biochar, and tea biochar. The biochar application rates were 0%, and 2%. Wheat was grown in the two soils amended with biochars (moderate acidic clayey loam, non-acidic clay). Wheat biochar showed more effectiveness in improving bulk density, hazelnut biochar demonstrated higher capacity in improving both soil chemical and biological attributes, (pH, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, MBC) in all the three treated soils. All the biochars altered pH in all the three soils signifying liming potential of biochars and their effectiveness in improving the quality of acid soils. Biochar application (except tea biochar) significantly improved yield components in moderate acidic clayey loam soil. Moreover, good correlation between soil quality attributes and yield were observed. Biochar applications showed less effect in improving wheat yield in non-acidic clay soil suggesting low effectiveness of biochars in improving quality of soils with limited acidic properties. It further indicates that suitability of biochars is soil type-dependent and might not apply to all types of soils.
Biochar is the carbon-rich product obtained when organic material underwent pyrolysis. When applied to soil, biochar is claimed to have positive influence on soil quality and productivity could be improved. Biochars generated from various feedstocks had shown positive effects on soil properties and crop yields, but it is uncertain whether the same positive effects can be obtained in acid soils. Therefore, the overarching aim of this PhD research was to get a better understanding of effect of biochars generated from various agricultural wastes on soil quality of three agricultural soils (two of acidic nature). Green house pot experiment has been conducted to gain insight into biochar effects on plant and soils. The soil types used were; sandy loam (very low pH), clayey loam (moderate low pH) and clay soil (neutral). The five types of biochars used were; wood biochar, rice husk biochar, hazelnut biochar, wheat biochar, and tea biochar. The biochar application rates were 0%, and 2%. Wheat was grown in the two soils amended with biochars (moderate acidic clayey loam, non-acidic clay). Wheat biochar showed more effectiveness in improving bulk density, hazelnut biochar demonstrated higher capacity in improving both soil chemical and biological attributes, (pH, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, MBC) in all the three treated soils. All the biochars altered pH in all the three soils signifying liming potential of biochars and their effectiveness in improving the quality of acid soils. Biochar application (except tea biochar) significantly improved yield components in moderate acidic clayey loam soil. Moreover, good correlation between soil quality attributes and yield were observed. Biochar applications showed less effect in improving wheat yield in non-acidic clay soil suggesting low effectiveness of biochars in improving quality of soils with limited acidic properties. It further indicates that suitability of biochars is soil type-dependent and might not apply to all types of soils.
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