Publication: Glial Tümörlerin İntravoksel İnkohorent Hareket (Ivım) Görüntüleme ve Dsc Perfüzyon Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme Tekniği ile Değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmada amacımız ileri Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (MRG) yöntemlerini kullanarak Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) gradeleme sistemine göre yüksek ve düşük dereceli glial tümörleri preoperatif ayırt edebilmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza 20/11/2020 ve 16/11/2023 tarihleri arasında 3 Tesla MR cihazında beyin DSC perfüzyon MR, 4 farklı b değerinde (0,50,400,800 sn/mm2), beyin difüzyon MR çekimi yapılmış, yüksek-düşük dereceli glial tümörü bulunan ve buna yönelik herhangi bir tedavi almamış 18 yaşından büyük 100 hasta dahil edilmiştir. Glial tümörlerin DSC perfüzyon MR görüntülerinde rölatif serebral kan volümü (rCBV), difüzyon görüntülerinden türetilmiş IVIM haritalarında perfüzyon fraksiyon (f), psödodifüzyon (D*), saf moleküler difüzyon (D) parametrelerine ve görünür diffüzyon katsayısı (ADC ) değerlerine bakılmıştır. Histopatolojik tanı almış yüksek ve düşük dereceli glial tümörler ile histopatolojik tanısı olmayan fakat MRG ile takip edilen ve en az 2 yıllık takip süresi boyunca boyut, görünümünde değişiklik bulunmayan glial tümörler düşük dereceli glial tümör olarak kabul edilip çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada IVIM parametrelerinin, rCBV ve ADC değerlerinin yüksek dereceli (WHO grade 3-4) ve düşük dereceli (WHO grade 1-2) glial tümörleri tespit etmedeki başarısı değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmamıza dahil edilen 100 hastanın 56'sı erkek, 44'ü kadındır. Bu 100 hastanın 16'sının T2* perfüzyon görüntüleri artefaktlı olduğundan rCBV değerleri ölçülememiştir. 100 hastanın 61 tanesinin histopatolojik tanısı mevcut olup bunların 10 tanesi (%16) düşük dereceli glial tümör (LGG/WHO grade 1-2) , 51 tanesi (%84) ise yüksek dereceli glial tümör (HGG/ WHO grade 3-4) patolojik tanısı almıştır. İki yıllık takip görüntülemelerinde glial lezyonlarının boyut ve sinyalinde farklılık görülmeyen 39 hasta ise düşük dereceli glial tümör olarak kabul edilmiştir. Histopatolojik tanısı olan 61 hastanın 42 tanesi (%68,85) glioblastom, 2 tanesi anaplastik oligodendrogliom (%3,2), 2 tanesi anaplastik astrositom (%3,2), 5 tanesi yüksek dereceli infiltratif glial tümör (%8,1), 5 tanesi oligodendrogliom (%8,1), 2 tanesi diffüz astrositom (%3,2), 1 tanesi pleomorfik ksantoastrositom (%1,6), 2 tanesi düşük dereceli infiltratif glial tümör (%3,2) tanısı almıştır. Histopatolojik tanısı olan hastaların 13 tanesinin IDH mutasyonu pozitiftir. HGG'si olan hastaların ortalama rCBV değeri 5.28 ; f değeri 15.10% ; D* değeri 5.50 (x10-3 mm2/sn) ; D değeri 0.95 (x10-3 mm2/sn) ; ADC değeri 0.93 (x10-3 mm2/sn) bulunmuştur. LGG'si olan hastaların ortalama rCBV değeri 0.85; f değeri 5.29 ; D* değeri 4.15 (x10-3 mm2/sn) ; D değeri 1.24 (x10-3 mm2/sn) ; ADC değeri 1.33 (x10-3 mm2/sn) bulunmuştur. rCBV değerleri IVIM f değerleri ile yüksek oranda korelasyon göstermiştir. Yüksek-düşük dereceli glial tümör ayrımında rCBV için sınır değeri (cut off ) >1.775, duyarlılık %97.8, özgüllük %100 ; IVIM f için sınır değeri (cut off) >8.41 %, duyarlılık %84.8, özgüllük %84.6 ; IVIM D* için sınır değeri (cut off ) >4.86 x10-3 mm2/sn, duyarlılık %69.6, özgüllük %64.1 ; IVIM D için sınır değeri (cut off ) <1.00 x10-3 mm2/sn, duyarlılık %67.4, özgüllük %66.7 ; ADC için sınır değeri (cut off ) <1.03 x10-3 mm2/sn, duyarlılık %73.9, özgüllük %72.2 olarak saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Yüksek-düşük dereceli glial tümörlerin ayrımında konvansiyonel MR görüntüleme yöntemleri bazı vakalarda doğru tanı koymamız hususunda yetersiz kalabilir. Bundan dolayı DSC perfüzyon MR, IVIM MR görüntüleme yöntemleri ve ADC değerleri tanı doğruluğunu arttırmak amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Bizim çalışmamızda yüksek-düşük dereceli glial tümör ayrımında en başarılı parametreler DSC perfüzyon parametresi olan rCBV ile IVIM f değerleri olmuştur. Glial tümörlerin kontrastlanması ile IVIM perfüzyon fraksiyon (f) değerlerinin yüksek oranda korelasyon gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle kontrast madde verilemeyen hastalarda IVIM MR görüntüleme yöntemi DSC perfüzyon MR'a alternatif olarak kullanılabilir.
Purpose: To be able to differentiate high and low grade glial tumors preoperatively according to WHO grading system using advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methods Material and Methods: Our study included 100 patients older than 18 years of age with high-low grade glial tumors in the brain who underwent brain DSC perfusion MR and brain diffusion MR at 4 different b values (0,50,400,800 s/mm2) on a 3 Tesla MR device between 20/11/2020 and 16/11/2023. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in DSC perfusion MR images, from diffusion derivated IVIM maps parameters such as perfusion fraction (f), pseudodiffusion (D*), pure molecular diffusion (D) and ADC values of glial tumors were examined. Glial tumors with a histopathological diagnosis (WHO grade 1, 2, 3, 4) or without a histopathological diagnosis but followed up with an MRI and with no change in size or appearance for at least 2 years (WHO grade 1, 2) were considered low-grade glial tumors and included in the study. The success of rCBV values, IVIM parameters and ADC values in detecting high-grade (WHO grade 3-4) and low-grade (WHO grade 1-2) glial tumors was evaluated. Results: Of the 100 patients included in our study, 56 were male and 44 were female. T2* perfusion images of 16 of these 100 patients were artifacted, and rCBV values could not be measured. Of the 100 patients, 61 had histopathological diagnoses, of which 10 (16%) were diagnosed as low-grade glial tumors (LGG/WHO grade 1-2) and 51 (84%) were diagnosed as high-grade glial tumors (HGG/WHO grade 3-4). 39 patients were accepted as having low-grade glial tumors since there was no difference in the size or signal of the glial lesions in the 2-year follow-up imaging. Of the 61 patients with histopathological diagnosis, 42 (68.85%) had glioblastoma, 2 had anaplastic oligodendroglioma (3.2%), 2 had anaplastic astrocytoma (3.2%), 5 had high-grade infiltrative glial tumors (8%), 1 had oligodendroglioma (8.1%), 2 had diffuse astrocytoma (3.2%), 1 had pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (1.6%), and 2 had low grade infiltrative glial tumors (3.2%). The IDH mutation was positive in 13 of the patients with histopathologic diagnoses. Patients with high-grade glial tumor (HGG) had a mean rCBV value of 5.28, a perfusion fraction (f) value of 15.10%, a pseudodiffusion (D*) value of 5.50 (x10-3 mm2/sec), a pure molecular diffusion (D) value of 0.95 (x10-3 mm2/sec), and an ADC value of 0.93 (x10-3 mm2/sec). In patients with low-grade glial tumors, the mean rCBV value was 0.85; the perfusion fraction (f) value was 5.29; the pseudodiffusion (D*) value was 4.15 (x10-3 mm2/sec); the pure molecular diffusion (D) value was 1.24 (x10-3 mm2/sec); and the ADC value was 1.33 (x10-3 mm2/sec). rCBV values were highly correlated with IVIM f values. Cut-off point for rCBV >1.775, sensitivity 97.8%, specificity 100%; cut-off point for IVIM f >8.41%, sensitivity 84.8%, specificity 84.6%; cut-off point for IVIM D* >4.86 x10-3 mm2/sec, sensitivity 69.6%, specificity 64.1%; cut-off point for IVIM D* <1.00 x10-3 mm2/sec, sensitivity 67.4%, specificity 66.7%; cut-off point for ADC <1.03 x10-3 mm2/sec, sensitivity 73.9%, specificity 72.2%. Discussion and Conclusion: Conventional MR imaging methods may not give us the desired information with high sensitivity and specificity in some cases in the differentiation of high and low grade glial tumors. Therefore, DSC perfusion MR, IVIM MR imaging methods, and ADC values are used to increase the diagnostic accuracy. In our study, the most successful parameters in the differentiation of high- and low-grade glial tumors were the DSC perfusion parameters rCBV and IVIM f values. IVIM MR imaging can be used as an alternative to DSC perfusion MR in patients who cannot receive contrast agent.
Purpose: To be able to differentiate high and low grade glial tumors preoperatively according to WHO grading system using advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methods Material and Methods: Our study included 100 patients older than 18 years of age with high-low grade glial tumors in the brain who underwent brain DSC perfusion MR and brain diffusion MR at 4 different b values (0,50,400,800 s/mm2) on a 3 Tesla MR device between 20/11/2020 and 16/11/2023. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in DSC perfusion MR images, from diffusion derivated IVIM maps parameters such as perfusion fraction (f), pseudodiffusion (D*), pure molecular diffusion (D) and ADC values of glial tumors were examined. Glial tumors with a histopathological diagnosis (WHO grade 1, 2, 3, 4) or without a histopathological diagnosis but followed up with an MRI and with no change in size or appearance for at least 2 years (WHO grade 1, 2) were considered low-grade glial tumors and included in the study. The success of rCBV values, IVIM parameters and ADC values in detecting high-grade (WHO grade 3-4) and low-grade (WHO grade 1-2) glial tumors was evaluated. Results: Of the 100 patients included in our study, 56 were male and 44 were female. T2* perfusion images of 16 of these 100 patients were artifacted, and rCBV values could not be measured. Of the 100 patients, 61 had histopathological diagnoses, of which 10 (16%) were diagnosed as low-grade glial tumors (LGG/WHO grade 1-2) and 51 (84%) were diagnosed as high-grade glial tumors (HGG/WHO grade 3-4). 39 patients were accepted as having low-grade glial tumors since there was no difference in the size or signal of the glial lesions in the 2-year follow-up imaging. Of the 61 patients with histopathological diagnosis, 42 (68.85%) had glioblastoma, 2 had anaplastic oligodendroglioma (3.2%), 2 had anaplastic astrocytoma (3.2%), 5 had high-grade infiltrative glial tumors (8%), 1 had oligodendroglioma (8.1%), 2 had diffuse astrocytoma (3.2%), 1 had pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (1.6%), and 2 had low grade infiltrative glial tumors (3.2%). The IDH mutation was positive in 13 of the patients with histopathologic diagnoses. Patients with high-grade glial tumor (HGG) had a mean rCBV value of 5.28, a perfusion fraction (f) value of 15.10%, a pseudodiffusion (D*) value of 5.50 (x10-3 mm2/sec), a pure molecular diffusion (D) value of 0.95 (x10-3 mm2/sec), and an ADC value of 0.93 (x10-3 mm2/sec). In patients with low-grade glial tumors, the mean rCBV value was 0.85; the perfusion fraction (f) value was 5.29; the pseudodiffusion (D*) value was 4.15 (x10-3 mm2/sec); the pure molecular diffusion (D) value was 1.24 (x10-3 mm2/sec); and the ADC value was 1.33 (x10-3 mm2/sec). rCBV values were highly correlated with IVIM f values. Cut-off point for rCBV >1.775, sensitivity 97.8%, specificity 100%; cut-off point for IVIM f >8.41%, sensitivity 84.8%, specificity 84.6%; cut-off point for IVIM D* >4.86 x10-3 mm2/sec, sensitivity 69.6%, specificity 64.1%; cut-off point for IVIM D* <1.00 x10-3 mm2/sec, sensitivity 67.4%, specificity 66.7%; cut-off point for ADC <1.03 x10-3 mm2/sec, sensitivity 73.9%, specificity 72.2%. Discussion and Conclusion: Conventional MR imaging methods may not give us the desired information with high sensitivity and specificity in some cases in the differentiation of high and low grade glial tumors. Therefore, DSC perfusion MR, IVIM MR imaging methods, and ADC values are used to increase the diagnostic accuracy. In our study, the most successful parameters in the differentiation of high- and low-grade glial tumors were the DSC perfusion parameters rCBV and IVIM f values. IVIM MR imaging can be used as an alternative to DSC perfusion MR in patients who cannot receive contrast agent.
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