Publication: Yetiştirme ve Aydınlatma Sistemlerinin Bıldırcınlarda (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Büyüme, Yumurta Verim ve Kalitesi ile Kuluçka Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi
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Ill YETİŞTİRME VE AYDINLATMA SİSTEMLERİNİN BILDIRCINLARDA (Coturnix coturnix japonica) BÜYÜME, YUMURTA VERİM VE KALİTESİ İLE KULUÇKA ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ ÖZET Bu çalışma, yetiştirme ve aydınlatma sistemlerinin bıldırcınlarda büyüme, yumurta verim ve kalite özellikleri ile kuluçka özellikleri üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Denemede yetiştirme sistemi olarak altlık üzerinde, ızgara üzerinde ve kafeste yetiştirme; aydınlatma sistemi olarak da sürekli aydınlatma (2. haftadan itibaren her hafta 2 saat azaltılarak 5. haftanın sonunda 16 saatlik aydınlatma seviyesine ulaşılmış ve bu şekilde devam edilmiş) ve kesikli aydınlatma (2. haftadan itibaren 4A+2K şeklinde 16 saat aydınlatma olarak devam edilmiş) ele alınmıştır. Deneme büyüme ve yumurtlama dönemini kapsayacak şekilde iki devre halinde 158 gün sürdürülmüştür (ilk 42 günü büyütme dönemi, takip eden 116 gün yumurtlama dönemi). Denemede 922 adet günlük yaştaki bıldırcın kullanılmıştır, ilk hafta boyunca hayvanlar altlık üzerinde karışık olarak ve 24 saat aydınlatma altında barındırılmışlardır. 2. haftanın başından itibaren hayvanlar sürekli ve kesikli aydınlatma uygulanan iki ayrı odaya alınmışlar ve buralarda altlık ve ızgara üzerinde yetiştirilmeye başlanmışlardır. Büyütme döneminin sonunda her gruptan 15 adet (10 erkek+5 dişi) hayvan kesilerek kesim özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Yumurtlama döneminin başlamasıyla büyütme dönemi de dikkate alınarak dört değişik uygulama ele alınmıştır: 1. Büyütme ve yumurtlama döneminin her ikisi de yerde (altlık üzerinde), 2. Büyütme ve yumurtlama döneminin her ikisi de ızgarada, 3. Büyütme dönemi yerde, yumurtlama dönemi kafeste (kafes 1), 4. Büyütme dönemi ızgarada, yumurtlama dönemi kafeste (kafes 2). Yumurtlama döneminde aydınlatma uygulamalarında herhangi bir değişiklik yapılmamıştır. Büyütme döneminde sürekli ve kesikli aydınlatma uygulamaları altında altlık ve ızgara üzerinde barındırılan gruplarda sırasıyla; 6. hafta sonu canlı ağırlığı 181.69 g, 175.40 g ve 176.35 g, 174.19 g (PO.05); toplam yem tüketimiIV 701.51 g, 943.87 g ve 724.33 g, 916.81 g; yemden yararlanma oranı 4.02, 5.62 ve 4.29, 5.50 ve yaşama gücü %98.37, %99.42 ve %96.30, % 98.21 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yine aynı sıra ile ortalama olarak kesim özelliklerinden karkas randımanı %72.78, %76.36 ve %71.57, % 71.93 (P <0.05); yenilebilir iç organların oranı %7.34, %7.56 ve %7.64, %7.41 (P>0.05); testislerin oranı %3.19, %2.65 ve %4.10, %3.03 (P <0.05) şeklinde tespit edilmiştir. Yumurtlama dönemi özelliklerine ait ortalama değerler sürekli ve kesikli aydınlatma uygulamalarının altlık, ızgara, kafes 1, kafes 2 gruplarında sırasıyla; cinsi olgunluk (%10 verim) yaşı 39., 46., 44., 47. gün ve 41., 44., 44., 44. gün; cinsi olgunluk ağırlığı 214.25 g, 218.00 g, 211.00 g, 207.00 g ve 211.00 g, 218.33 g, 220.67 g, 223.00 g (P>0.05); %50 verim yaşı 49., 53., 49., 53. gün ve 51, 50., 49., 54. gün; % bıldırcın-kümes yumurta verimi %53.80, %60.24, %55.19, %55.44 ve %58.04, %62.36, %57.05, %48.37 (PO.05); %bıldırcın- gün yumurta verimi %58.19, %62.42, %60.60, % 64.06 ve %60.34, %63.49, %63.38, %54.82 (P>0.05); adet olarak bıldırcın-kümes yumurta verimi 62.74, 68.90, 64.17, 64.81 adet ve 68.44, 71.93, 65.03, 55.14 adet (P <0.05); adet olarak bıldırcın-gün yumurta verimi 69.82, 71.36, 70.11, 72.44 adet ve 71.14, 73.21, 72.26, 62.49 adet (P>0.05); pik verim yaşı 51, 63., 52., 64. gün ve 81., 64., 63., 74. gün; hayvan başına günlük yem tüketimi 34.50 g, 38.74 g, 35.13 g, 38.07 g ve 33.22 g, 40.91 g, 39.67 g, 42.31 g; yemden yararlanma oranı 4.67, 5.06, 4.72, 5.10 ve 4.31, 5.16, 5.03, 6.78; yaşama gücü %92.31, %96.67, %93.33, %87.50 ve %96.25, %98.25, %90.00, %88.87 ve ergin (dönem sonu) canlı ağırlık 219.65 g, 221.33 g, 230.36 g, 226.17 g ve 209.96 g, 224.14 g, 222.78, 218.97 g (P <0.05) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ele alınan yumurta kalite özelliklerine ait ortalama değerler sürekli ve kesikli aydınlatma uygulamalarının altlık, ızgara, kafes 1, kafes 2 gruplarında sırasıyla; yumurta ağırlığı 12.80 g, 12.77 g, 13.17 g, 13.17 g ve 12.91 g, 12.79 g, 13.42 g, 12.47 g (P <0.05); şekil indeksi %80.10, %79.60, %78.64, %80.11 ve %79.77, %79.74, %79.26, %77.98 (P <0.05); özgül ağırlık 1.07, 1.04, 1.07, 1.07 ve 1.03, 1.07, 1.07, 1.07 (P>0.05); kabuk+zar ağırlıkları 1.63 g, 1.56 g, 1.70 g, 1.73 g ve 1.71 g, 1.69 g, 1.85 g, 1.76 g (P <0.05); kabuk kalınlığı 0.200 mm,0.200 mm, 0.200 mm, 0.200 mm ve 0.200 mm, 0.200 mm, 0.200 mm, 0.200 mm; ak indeksi %10.65, %11.24, %9.24, %7.84 ve %8.36, %9.72, %9.34, %10.94 (P <0.05); sarı indeksi %45.02, %43.50, %43.79, %42.39 ve %43.01, %43.90, %43.39, %45.17 (P <0.05); sarı rengi (Roche Renk Yelpazesi) 8.10, 8.60, 8.28, 8.58 ve 8.57, 8.27, 8.80, 8.07 (P<0.05); Haugh Birimi 86.47, 87.80, 85.21, 80.37 ve 81.45, 85.35, 83.50, 87.74 (P <0.05); kan+et lekeleri %0.00, %9.26, %7.41, %9.99 ve %0.00, %10.18, %11.83, %3.34 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sürekli ve kesikli aydınlatma uygulamalarının altlık, ızgara ve kafes gruplarında tespit edilen kuluçka özelliklerine ait ortalama değerler sırasıyla; döllülük oranı için %92.50, %93.00, %89.00 ve %95.00, %92.00, %90.00; çıkış gücü için %85.00, %88.00, %82.00 ve %79.50, %90.00, %87.50 ve kuluçka randımanı için ise %78.00, %82.00, %73.00 ve %76.00, %83.00, %79.00 olmuştur. Genel bir sonuç olarak, bıldırcınları büyütme ve yumurtlama döneminde sürekli ve kesikli aydınlatma uygulamaları altında ızgarada yetiştirmenin birçok özellikte avantaj sağladığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca kesikli aydınlatma ile işletme masraflarının düşüşü, ızgara sisteminde ise kafes sistemine göre yatırım masraflarının azalması yetiştiricilik açısından önemle ele alınacak özellikler olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bıldırcın, aydınlatma ve yetiştirme sistemi, büyüme özellikleri, yumurta verim ve kalitesi, kuluçka özellikleri.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of different raising and lighting systems on growth, egg yield and quality and hatching traits of quails. In this study, raising on ground, raising on slatted floor and raising at cages and continuous lighting (after 2nd week lighting was decreased 2 hour every week and was reached to 16 hour lighting time at the end of the 5th week) and intermittent lighting (after the 2nd week 16 hour light as 4L+2D was applied) were considered. This study was conducted in two periods (growing and laying periods) for 158 days. A total of 922 days-old quails were used in the study. In first week, all of the quails were raised on ground (litter) and 24 h lighting time was applied. As from the beginning of the 2nd week quails were taken to the 2 rooms which lighted continuously or intermittently and were began to raise on litter and slatted floor. At the end of the growing period, 15 quails (10 male+5 female) from each group were slaughtered and then the slaughter traits were determined. At the beginning of the laying period 4 different applications were taken into consideration. 1. Both of growing and laying period are on ground. 2. Both of the growing and laying period are on slatted floor. 3. Growing period is on ground, laying period is in individual cages (cage 1). 4. Growing period is on slatted floor, laying period is in individual cages (cage 2). There were no changes in lighting application during laying period. During the growing period, 6th week liveweights; total feed consumptions; feed conversion rates and viabilities were 181.69, 175.40 g and 176.35, 174.19 g (P<0.05); 701.51, 943.87 g and 724.33, 916.81 g; 4.02, 5.62 and 4.29, 5.50;vıı 98.37, 99.42% and 96.30, 98.21%, for the groups housed under continuous and intermittent lighting conditions on litter and slatted floor, respectively. Dressing percentages, percentages of edible organs, testis ratios were found as 72.78, 76.36% and 71.57, 71.93% (P<0.05); 7.34, 7.56% and 7.64, 7.41% (P>0.05); 3.19, 2.65% and 4.10, 3.03% (P<0.05) for the groups mentioned above. During the laying period sexual maturity age (age at 10% yield), sexual maturity weight, age at 50% yield, egg yields (quail/pen), egg yields (quail/day), egg number (quail/pen), egg number (quail/day), age at peak yield, feed consumption per quail, feed conversion rates, viabilities and final weights were found as 39th, 46th, 44th, 47th day and 41st, 44th, 44th, 44th day; 214.25, 218.00, 211.00, 207.00 g and 211.00, 218.33, 220.67, 223.00 g (P>0.05); 49th, 53rd, 49th, 53rd day and 51st, 50th, 49th, 54th day; 53.80, 60.24, 55.19, 55.44% and 58.04, 62.36, 57.05, 48.37% (PO.05); 58.19, 62.42, 60.60, 64.06% and 60.34, 63.49, 63.38, 54.82% (P>0.05); 62.74, 68.90, 64.17, 64.81 and 68.44, 71.93, 65.03, 55.14 (P<0.05); 69.82, 71.36, 70.11, 72.74 and 71.14, 73.21, 72.26, 62.49 (P>0.05); 51st, 63rd, 52nd, 64th day and 81st, 64th, 63rd, 74th day; 34.50, 38.74, 35.13, 38.07 g and 33.22, 40.91, 39.67, 42.31 g; 4.67, 5.06, 4.72, 5.10 and 4.31, 5.16, 5.03, 6.78; 92.31, 96.67, 93.33, 87.50% and 96.25, 98.25, 90.00, 88.87%; 219.65, 221.33, 230.36, 226.17 g and 209.96, 224.14, 222.78, 218,97 g (P<0.05) for the groups of litter, slatted floor, cage 1 and cage 2 of continuous and intermittent lighting applications. Average values of egg quality traits for the litter, slatted floor, cage 1 and cage 2 groups of continuous and intermittent lighting applications were found as mentioned below; egg weight 12.80, 12.77, 13.17, 13.17 g and 12.91, 12.79, 13.42, 12.47 g (PO.05); shape index 80.10, 79.60, 78.64, 80.11% and 79.77, 79.74, 79.26, 77.98% (P<0.05); specific gravity 1.07, 1.04, 1.07, 1.07 and 1.03, 1.07, 1.07, 1.07 (P>0.05); shell+membran weight 1.63, 1.56, 1.70, 1.73 g and 1.71, 1.69, 1.85, 1.76 g (PO.05); shell thickness 0.200, 0.200, 0.200, 0.200 mm and 0.200, 0.200, 0.200, 0.200 mm; albumin index 10.65, 11.24, 9.24, 7.84% and 8.36, 9.42, 9.34, 10.94% (PO.05); yolk index 45.02, 43.50, 43.79, 42.39% and 43.01, 43.90, 43.39, 45.17% (PO.05); yellow colour ( Rochevııı Value) 8.10, 8.60, 8.28, 8.58 and 8.57, 8.27, 8.80, 8.07 (P<0.05); Haugh index 86.47, 87.80, 85.21, 80.37 and 81.45, 85.35, 83.50, 87.74 (P<0.05) and blood+meat spots 0.00, 9.26, 7.41, 9.99% and 0.00, 10.18, 11.83, 3.34 %, respectively. Average values of hatching traits of a litter, slatted floor and cage groups of continuous and intermittent lighting applications were 92.50, 93.00, 89.00% and 95.00, 92.00, 90.00% for fertility rate; 85.00, 88.00, 82.00% and 79.50, 90.00, 87.50% for hatchability rate and 78.00, 82.00, 73.00% and 76.00, 83.00, 79.00% for hatching percentage. As a result, it can be said that raising on slatted floor under continuous and intermittent lighting applications during growing and laying periods is advantageous in terms of many traits. Besides, intermittent lighting application lower the management costs compared to continuous lighting applications and in case of the slatted floor system investment costs are decreased compared to cage system. Key words: Quail, lighting and raising system, growing traits, egg yields and quality, hatching traits.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of different raising and lighting systems on growth, egg yield and quality and hatching traits of quails. In this study, raising on ground, raising on slatted floor and raising at cages and continuous lighting (after 2nd week lighting was decreased 2 hour every week and was reached to 16 hour lighting time at the end of the 5th week) and intermittent lighting (after the 2nd week 16 hour light as 4L+2D was applied) were considered. This study was conducted in two periods (growing and laying periods) for 158 days. A total of 922 days-old quails were used in the study. In first week, all of the quails were raised on ground (litter) and 24 h lighting time was applied. As from the beginning of the 2nd week quails were taken to the 2 rooms which lighted continuously or intermittently and were began to raise on litter and slatted floor. At the end of the growing period, 15 quails (10 male+5 female) from each group were slaughtered and then the slaughter traits were determined. At the beginning of the laying period 4 different applications were taken into consideration. 1. Both of growing and laying period are on ground. 2. Both of the growing and laying period are on slatted floor. 3. Growing period is on ground, laying period is in individual cages (cage 1). 4. Growing period is on slatted floor, laying period is in individual cages (cage 2). There were no changes in lighting application during laying period. During the growing period, 6th week liveweights; total feed consumptions; feed conversion rates and viabilities were 181.69, 175.40 g and 176.35, 174.19 g (P<0.05); 701.51, 943.87 g and 724.33, 916.81 g; 4.02, 5.62 and 4.29, 5.50;vıı 98.37, 99.42% and 96.30, 98.21%, for the groups housed under continuous and intermittent lighting conditions on litter and slatted floor, respectively. Dressing percentages, percentages of edible organs, testis ratios were found as 72.78, 76.36% and 71.57, 71.93% (P<0.05); 7.34, 7.56% and 7.64, 7.41% (P>0.05); 3.19, 2.65% and 4.10, 3.03% (P<0.05) for the groups mentioned above. During the laying period sexual maturity age (age at 10% yield), sexual maturity weight, age at 50% yield, egg yields (quail/pen), egg yields (quail/day), egg number (quail/pen), egg number (quail/day), age at peak yield, feed consumption per quail, feed conversion rates, viabilities and final weights were found as 39th, 46th, 44th, 47th day and 41st, 44th, 44th, 44th day; 214.25, 218.00, 211.00, 207.00 g and 211.00, 218.33, 220.67, 223.00 g (P>0.05); 49th, 53rd, 49th, 53rd day and 51st, 50th, 49th, 54th day; 53.80, 60.24, 55.19, 55.44% and 58.04, 62.36, 57.05, 48.37% (PO.05); 58.19, 62.42, 60.60, 64.06% and 60.34, 63.49, 63.38, 54.82% (P>0.05); 62.74, 68.90, 64.17, 64.81 and 68.44, 71.93, 65.03, 55.14 (P<0.05); 69.82, 71.36, 70.11, 72.74 and 71.14, 73.21, 72.26, 62.49 (P>0.05); 51st, 63rd, 52nd, 64th day and 81st, 64th, 63rd, 74th day; 34.50, 38.74, 35.13, 38.07 g and 33.22, 40.91, 39.67, 42.31 g; 4.67, 5.06, 4.72, 5.10 and 4.31, 5.16, 5.03, 6.78; 92.31, 96.67, 93.33, 87.50% and 96.25, 98.25, 90.00, 88.87%; 219.65, 221.33, 230.36, 226.17 g and 209.96, 224.14, 222.78, 218,97 g (P<0.05) for the groups of litter, slatted floor, cage 1 and cage 2 of continuous and intermittent lighting applications. Average values of egg quality traits for the litter, slatted floor, cage 1 and cage 2 groups of continuous and intermittent lighting applications were found as mentioned below; egg weight 12.80, 12.77, 13.17, 13.17 g and 12.91, 12.79, 13.42, 12.47 g (PO.05); shape index 80.10, 79.60, 78.64, 80.11% and 79.77, 79.74, 79.26, 77.98% (P<0.05); specific gravity 1.07, 1.04, 1.07, 1.07 and 1.03, 1.07, 1.07, 1.07 (P>0.05); shell+membran weight 1.63, 1.56, 1.70, 1.73 g and 1.71, 1.69, 1.85, 1.76 g (PO.05); shell thickness 0.200, 0.200, 0.200, 0.200 mm and 0.200, 0.200, 0.200, 0.200 mm; albumin index 10.65, 11.24, 9.24, 7.84% and 8.36, 9.42, 9.34, 10.94% (PO.05); yolk index 45.02, 43.50, 43.79, 42.39% and 43.01, 43.90, 43.39, 45.17% (PO.05); yellow colour ( Rochevııı Value) 8.10, 8.60, 8.28, 8.58 and 8.57, 8.27, 8.80, 8.07 (P<0.05); Haugh index 86.47, 87.80, 85.21, 80.37 and 81.45, 85.35, 83.50, 87.74 (P<0.05) and blood+meat spots 0.00, 9.26, 7.41, 9.99% and 0.00, 10.18, 11.83, 3.34 %, respectively. Average values of hatching traits of a litter, slatted floor and cage groups of continuous and intermittent lighting applications were 92.50, 93.00, 89.00% and 95.00, 92.00, 90.00% for fertility rate; 85.00, 88.00, 82.00% and 79.50, 90.00, 87.50% for hatchability rate and 78.00, 82.00, 73.00% and 76.00, 83.00, 79.00% for hatching percentage. As a result, it can be said that raising on slatted floor under continuous and intermittent lighting applications during growing and laying periods is advantageous in terms of many traits. Besides, intermittent lighting application lower the management costs compared to continuous lighting applications and in case of the slatted floor system investment costs are decreased compared to cage system. Key words: Quail, lighting and raising system, growing traits, egg yields and quality, hatching traits.
Description
Tez (yüksek lisans) –Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 1998
Libra Kayıt No: 31154
Libra Kayıt No: 31154
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