Publication: Kızılcık Meyvesinin (Cornus Mas L.) Antioksidan Bileşiklerinin Enkapsülasyonu
Abstract
Kızılcık (Cornus mas L.), Türkiye'de doğal olarak yetişen meyvelerden biridir. Sofralık olarak tüketilebildiği gibi, reçel, marmelat, jöle gibi ürünlere de işlenebilmektedir. Dondurularak veya kurutularak muhafaza edilen bu meyve, antioksidan bileşiklerce zengindir. Bu çalışmada, maltodekstrin (MD) ve gam arabik (GA) gibi farklı kaplayıcılarla enkapsüle edilerek, farklı kurutma teknikleriyle üretilen kızılcık tozlarının fiziksel, kimyasal ve antioksidan özelliklerini belirlemek hedeflenmiştir. Bunun için, önce kızılcık meyveleri 80 °C' de 20 dakika bekletilerek ekstrakte edilmiş ve briks derecesi 10'a ayarlanmış, sonra 3 farklı oranda (5:0, 4:1 ve 3:2) MD:GA ile karıştırılıp püskürtmeli kurutucuda farklı sıcaklıklarda (120, 140 ve 160 °C) kurutulmuştur. Tozlar çeşitli özellikler (renk, verim, pH, su aktivitesi, kuru madde, titrasyon asitliği, çözünme hızı, yığın yoğunluğu) ve antioksidan potansiyel (toplam fenolik madde, toplam antosiyanin ve antioksidan aktivite) açısından analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; verim, biyoaktif özelliklerin korunumu bakımından en iyi sonuçlar 120 °C'de 3:2 MD:GA kullanılarak üretilen tozlarda (P120-M3G2) belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada, aynı MD:GA oranları kullanılarak dondurarak kurutma tekniği ile tozlar elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu tozlar, optimum koşullarda püskürtmeli kurutucuyla üretilen tozlarla fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyoaktif özellikleri bakımından karşılaştırılmıştır. Püskürtmeli kurutucuda, 120 °C'de 3:2 MD:GA kullanılarak üretilenler ile liyofilize tozların toplam fenolik madde ve FRAP değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli fark bulunurken (p<0.05), toplam antosiyanin ve DPPH değerleri arasında fark bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). DSC ve FT-IR analizleri sonucunda enkapsülasyon işleminin etkin bir şekilde gerçekleştirildiği görülmüştür. Optimum toz ile liyofilize tozların ısıl stabiliteleri karşılaştırıldığında, liyofilizasyon yöntemiyle elde edilenlerin daha yüksek fenolik bileşen ve antosiyanin korunumu gösterdiği, ancak püskürtmeli kurutma yöntemiyle elde edilen mikrokapsüllerin depolama stabilitelerinin daha yüksek olduğu kaydedilmiştir. Yapılan in vitro sindirim testi sonucunda mide ortamında ekstrakttan salınımın, enkapsüllerden salınıma göre oldukça yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Tozlardan fenolik madde salınımının ise bağırsak sisteminde, mide sistemine göre daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tozlarının mide koşullarına karşı dirençli olduğu, bağırsakta ise kontrollü salınım gösterdiği kaydedilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kızılcık meyve ekstraktlarının çalışılan 2 kurutma tekniğiyle de MD ve GA kullanılarak başarılı şekilde enkapsüle edildiği, elde edilen tozların duyusal özelliklerinin yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is one of the fruits grown wild in Turkey. It can be consumed as a table or processed into products such as jam, marmalade and jelly. This fruit is a rich source of antioxidant compounds and can be preserved by freezing or drying techniques. This study aimed to determine the physical, chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry microcapsules. For this purpose, the cornelian cherry extracts were encapsulated with different coatings such as maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA) and dried by different drying techniques. The cornelian cherry extracts were obtained by heating the mixture of the fruit and distilled for 20 minutes at 80 °C and the total soluble solids of the extracts were adjusted to 10 °Brix. The mixtures were homogenized and dried by spray-drying (120, 140, 160 °C) with MD:GA in three different ratios (5:0, 4:1, 3:2). Various properties (color, yield, pH, water activity, dry matter, titration acidity, solubility, bulk density) and bioactive components (total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity) of the microcapsules were evaluated. The results showed that the microcapsules obtained with 3:2 MD:GA and spray-dried at 120 °C had the best properties in terms of yield and preservation of bioactive properties. In the second step, the freeze-drying microcapsules were obtained using the same MD:GA ratios. These obtained microcapsules were compared to those produced by spray-drying in optimum conditions for their physical, chemical and bioactive properties. When comparing the microcapsules P120-M3:G2 and freeze-drying microcapsules, a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference was found between the TPC and FRAP values, while no difference was found between the total anthocyanin content and DPPH values (p>0.05). The results of DSC and FT-IR proved that the encapsulation process was carried out effectively. The thermal stability test showed that the optimum powder and the lyophilized powders were compared, it was noted that the microcapsules obtained by the freeze-drying showed higher phenolic component and anthocyanin preservation than the microcapsules obtained at the optimum spray-drying conditions. However, the storage stability of the microcapsules obtained by the spray-drying was more efficient. The in vitro digestion test revealed that the release from the extract in the stomach environment was considerably higher than the release from the microcapsules. The release of phenolic compounds from the microcapsules was higher in the intestinal system than in the stomach system. It was observed that the microcapsules were resistant to stomach conditions and showed a controlled release feature in the intestine. The cornelian cherry extracts were successfully encapsulated in MD and GA, and well-dried with spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques. In addition, the microcapsules displayed high sensory properties.
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is one of the fruits grown wild in Turkey. It can be consumed as a table or processed into products such as jam, marmalade and jelly. This fruit is a rich source of antioxidant compounds and can be preserved by freezing or drying techniques. This study aimed to determine the physical, chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry microcapsules. For this purpose, the cornelian cherry extracts were encapsulated with different coatings such as maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA) and dried by different drying techniques. The cornelian cherry extracts were obtained by heating the mixture of the fruit and distilled for 20 minutes at 80 °C and the total soluble solids of the extracts were adjusted to 10 °Brix. The mixtures were homogenized and dried by spray-drying (120, 140, 160 °C) with MD:GA in three different ratios (5:0, 4:1, 3:2). Various properties (color, yield, pH, water activity, dry matter, titration acidity, solubility, bulk density) and bioactive components (total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity) of the microcapsules were evaluated. The results showed that the microcapsules obtained with 3:2 MD:GA and spray-dried at 120 °C had the best properties in terms of yield and preservation of bioactive properties. In the second step, the freeze-drying microcapsules were obtained using the same MD:GA ratios. These obtained microcapsules were compared to those produced by spray-drying in optimum conditions for their physical, chemical and bioactive properties. When comparing the microcapsules P120-M3:G2 and freeze-drying microcapsules, a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference was found between the TPC and FRAP values, while no difference was found between the total anthocyanin content and DPPH values (p>0.05). The results of DSC and FT-IR proved that the encapsulation process was carried out effectively. The thermal stability test showed that the optimum powder and the lyophilized powders were compared, it was noted that the microcapsules obtained by the freeze-drying showed higher phenolic component and anthocyanin preservation than the microcapsules obtained at the optimum spray-drying conditions. However, the storage stability of the microcapsules obtained by the spray-drying was more efficient. The in vitro digestion test revealed that the release from the extract in the stomach environment was considerably higher than the release from the microcapsules. The release of phenolic compounds from the microcapsules was higher in the intestinal system than in the stomach system. It was observed that the microcapsules were resistant to stomach conditions and showed a controlled release feature in the intestine. The cornelian cherry extracts were successfully encapsulated in MD and GA, and well-dried with spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques. In addition, the microcapsules displayed high sensory properties.
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