Publication: Bipolar Bozukluk Tanılı Hastalarda Psikolojik Esneklik Düzeylerinin Şemalar ve İntihar Düşüncesi ile İlişkisi
Abstract
Amaç: Araştırmamız, bipolar bozukluk tanılı hastalarda psikolojik esneklik düzeylerinin, erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, intihar düşüncesi ve intihar girişimleri ile ilişkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma 18-65 yaş arasında, okuma-yazma bilen, DSM-5 tanı kriterlerine göre bipolar bozukluk tedavisi alan, Hamilton Depresyon Derecelendirme Ölçeğinden 7 veya daha az puan alan ve Young Mani Değerlendirme Ölçeğinden 5 veya daha az puan alan 100 bipolar bozukluk hastası ve herhangi bir psikiyatrik ve ek tıbbi hastalığı veya öyküsü olmayan 100 sağlıklı kontrolden oluşan kesitsel bir araştırmadır. Çalışmaya alınma kriterlerini karşılayan hastalara ve kontrol grubu olmayı kabul eden tüm katılımcılara görüşmeci tarafından yapılan muayene sonucunda sosyodemografik veri formu, Hamilton Depresyon Derecelendirme Ölçeği, Young Mani Derecelendirme Ölçeği ve Beck İntihar Düşüncesi Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Daha sonrasında katılımcıların tamamına Psikolojik Esneklik Ölçeği, Young Şema Ölçeği-Kısa Form 3, İntihar Bilişleri Ölçeği verilmiş ve kendilerinden bu ölçekleri doldurmaları istenmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda Bipolar Bozukluk grubu ve kontrol grubunun psikolojik esneklik ölçeği puanları karşılaştırıldığında, bipolar bozukluk grubunun kabul ve ayrışma alt ölçek puanlarının kontrol grubuna kıyasla istatistiksel anlamlı yüksek olduğu; değerler ve değerler doğrultusunda davranma, anda olma, bağlamsal benlik ve toplam ölçek puanlarının ise istatistiksel anlamlı olarak kontrol grubundan düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. Her iki grubun Young Şema Ölçeği puanları karşılaştırıldığında ise kendini feda şeması kontrol grubunda anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuş olup, duyguları bastırma alt ölçeğinde ise iki grup arasında anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır. Diğer şemaların tamamının bipolar bozukluk grubunda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Her iki grup intihar bilişleri açısından karşılaştırıldığında bipolar grubunda intihar bilişlerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bipolar Bozukluk grubunda şema alt ölçekleri ve psikolojik esneklik arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde anda olma ve yüksek standartlar arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Diğer parametreler arasında korelasyon saptanmamıştır. Bipolar bozukluk grubunda şema alt ölçekleri ile intihar bilişleri, intihar düşüncesi ve intihar girişimi arasındaki ilişkiler incelendiğinde herhangi bir korelasyon saptanmamıştır. Bipolar bozukluk grubunda psikolojik esneklik ile intihar düşüncesi ve psikolojik esneklik ile intihar bilişleri arasındaki ilişkiler incelendiğinde, toplam psikolojik esneklik skorları ile Pasif intihar arzusu ve Dayanamazlık alt ölçekleri arasında negatif yönlü bir korelasyon saptanmıştır. Bipolar bozukluk grubunda psikolojik esneklik ile intihar girişimi sayıları arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde intihar girişimi sayıları ile Kabul alt ölçeği arasında negatif ve Anda olma alt ölçeği ile pozitif yönde bir korelasyon saptanmıştır. İntihar girişimi olan ve olmayan bipolar bozukluk hastalarında şemalar ile yapılan lojistik regresyon analizinde terk edilme ve karamsarlık şemaları intihar için risk oluştururken; İç içe geçme/bağımlılık, Tehditler karşısında dayanıksızlık ve kendini feda intihar riskini azaltan şemalar olarak belirlenmiştir. İntihar girişimi olan ve olmayan bipolar bozukluk hastalarında psikolojik esneklik ile yapılan lojistik regresyon analizinde ise değerler ve değerler doğrultusunda davranma, kabul ve ayrışma alt ölçeklerinden yüksek skorlar almanın intihar girişimi riskini azalttığı bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Çalışmamız bipolar bozukluk hastalığında psikolojik esneklik verilerine ek olarak psikolojik esnekliğin etki edebileceği veya psikolojik esneklikten etkilenebilecek alanlar hakkında bilgiler sunmaktadır. Çalışma verilerimiz ışığında bipolar bozukluk hastalarının, sağlıklı kontrollere göre psikolojik esnekliklerinin düşük olması, hastalık seyrinin beklenenden daha olumsuz ilerlemesine yol açabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Psikolojik esneklik, kabul ve kararlılık terapisi için önemli bir tedavi hedefi konumundayken, bipolar bozukluk hastalarında da psikolojik esneklik müdahalelerinin hastalık seyrine olumlu etkisi olabileceği söylenebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bipolar bozukluk, psikolojik esneklik, kabul ve kararlılık terapisi, erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, intihar
Aim: Our study aims to investigate the relationship between psychological flexibility levels of patients with bipolar disorder, early maladaptive schemas, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with 100 BD patients between the ages of 18-65 who were literate, treated for bipolar disorder according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, scored 7 or less on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and scored 5 or less on the Young Mania Rating Scale. This is a cross-sectional study consisting of 100 healthy controls without a psychiatric and additional medical disease or history. Sociodemographic data form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale and Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale were filled in as a result of the examination performed by the interviewer for the patients who met the inclusion criteria and all the participants who agreed to be a control group. Afterwards, all of the participants were given the Psychological Flexibility Scale, the Young Schema Scale-Short Form 3, and the Suicide Cognitions Scale, and they were asked to fill in these scales. Results: When the psychological flexibility scale scores of the bipolar disorder group and the control group were compared in our study, it was found that the acceptance and defusion subscale scores of the bipolar disorder group were statistically significantly higher than the control group; values and commited action, contact with the present moment, self as context and total scale scores were found to be statistically significantly lower than the control group. When the Young Schema Scale scores of both groups were compared, the self-sacrifice schema was found to be significantly higher in the control group and there was no significant difference between the two groups in the emotional inhibiton subscale. It is observed that all other schemas were statistically significantly higher in the bipolar disorder group. When both groups were compared in terms of suicide cognitions, it was determined that the suicide cognitions were statistically significantly higher in the bipolar group. When the relationship between schema subscales and psychological flexibility in the bipolar disorder group was examined, a negative relationship was found between contact with the present moment and unrelenting standards. No correlation was found between other parameters. When the relationships between schema subscales and suicide cognitions, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt were examined in the Bipolar Disorder group, no correlation was found. When the relationships between psychological flexibility and suicidal ideation, and between psychological flexibility and suicide cognitions were examined in the bipolar disorder group, a negative correlation was found between total psychological flexibility scores,passive suicidal desire and unbearability subscales. When the relationship between psychological flexibility and the number of suicide attempts in the bipolar disorder group was examined, a negative correlation was found between the number of suicide attempts and the Acceptance subscale and a positive correlation with the contact with the present moment subscale. In the logistic regression analysis performed with schemas in bipolar disorder patients with and without suicide attempt, abandonment and pessimism schemas pose a risk for suicide; dependence/incompetence, vulnerability to harm/illness and self-sacrifice were determined as schemas that reduce the risk of suicide. In the logistic regression analysis performed with psychological flexibility in bipolar disorder patients with and without suicide attempt, it was found that high scores on the subscales of values and commited action, acceptance and defusion decreases the risk of suicide attempt. Discussion: In addition to the psychological flexibility data in BD, our study provides information about areas where psychological flexibility can be affected or that can be affected by psychological flexibility. In the light of our study data, the low psychological flexibility of BD patients compared to healthy controls suggests that the course of the disease may progress more negatively than expected. While psychological flexibility is an important treatment target for acceptance and commitment therapy, it can be said that psychological flexibility interventions can have a positive effect on the course of the disease in patients with bipolar disorder. Keywords: Bipolar disorder, psychological flexibility, acceptance and commitment therapy, early maladaptive schemas, suicide
Aim: Our study aims to investigate the relationship between psychological flexibility levels of patients with bipolar disorder, early maladaptive schemas, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with 100 BD patients between the ages of 18-65 who were literate, treated for bipolar disorder according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, scored 7 or less on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and scored 5 or less on the Young Mania Rating Scale. This is a cross-sectional study consisting of 100 healthy controls without a psychiatric and additional medical disease or history. Sociodemographic data form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale and Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale were filled in as a result of the examination performed by the interviewer for the patients who met the inclusion criteria and all the participants who agreed to be a control group. Afterwards, all of the participants were given the Psychological Flexibility Scale, the Young Schema Scale-Short Form 3, and the Suicide Cognitions Scale, and they were asked to fill in these scales. Results: When the psychological flexibility scale scores of the bipolar disorder group and the control group were compared in our study, it was found that the acceptance and defusion subscale scores of the bipolar disorder group were statistically significantly higher than the control group; values and commited action, contact with the present moment, self as context and total scale scores were found to be statistically significantly lower than the control group. When the Young Schema Scale scores of both groups were compared, the self-sacrifice schema was found to be significantly higher in the control group and there was no significant difference between the two groups in the emotional inhibiton subscale. It is observed that all other schemas were statistically significantly higher in the bipolar disorder group. When both groups were compared in terms of suicide cognitions, it was determined that the suicide cognitions were statistically significantly higher in the bipolar group. When the relationship between schema subscales and psychological flexibility in the bipolar disorder group was examined, a negative relationship was found between contact with the present moment and unrelenting standards. No correlation was found between other parameters. When the relationships between schema subscales and suicide cognitions, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt were examined in the Bipolar Disorder group, no correlation was found. When the relationships between psychological flexibility and suicidal ideation, and between psychological flexibility and suicide cognitions were examined in the bipolar disorder group, a negative correlation was found between total psychological flexibility scores,passive suicidal desire and unbearability subscales. When the relationship between psychological flexibility and the number of suicide attempts in the bipolar disorder group was examined, a negative correlation was found between the number of suicide attempts and the Acceptance subscale and a positive correlation with the contact with the present moment subscale. In the logistic regression analysis performed with schemas in bipolar disorder patients with and without suicide attempt, abandonment and pessimism schemas pose a risk for suicide; dependence/incompetence, vulnerability to harm/illness and self-sacrifice were determined as schemas that reduce the risk of suicide. In the logistic regression analysis performed with psychological flexibility in bipolar disorder patients with and without suicide attempt, it was found that high scores on the subscales of values and commited action, acceptance and defusion decreases the risk of suicide attempt. Discussion: In addition to the psychological flexibility data in BD, our study provides information about areas where psychological flexibility can be affected or that can be affected by psychological flexibility. In the light of our study data, the low psychological flexibility of BD patients compared to healthy controls suggests that the course of the disease may progress more negatively than expected. While psychological flexibility is an important treatment target for acceptance and commitment therapy, it can be said that psychological flexibility interventions can have a positive effect on the course of the disease in patients with bipolar disorder. Keywords: Bipolar disorder, psychological flexibility, acceptance and commitment therapy, early maladaptive schemas, suicide
Description
Keywords
Psikiyatri, Bilişsel Şemalar, Bipolar Bozukluk, Erken Dönem Uyum Bozucu Şemalar, Psychiatry, Esneklik, Cognitive Schemas, Bipolar Disorder, Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi, Early Maladaptive Schemas, Flexibility, Psikolojik Esneklik, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Psychological Flexibility, İntihar, Suicide
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98
